批判性思维:方法与应用(英文版.第13版) fb2 pdf azw3 网盘 rtf 免费 下载 txt

欢迎开启轻松而充实的批判性思维之旅！

本书将带领大家理解思维规则、训练思维能力、规范思维过程，进而合理判断、明智行动。

全书共分十二章，作者以日常生活为素材，详解论证方法，剖析思维谬误，详谈思考、演讲与写作，并讨论道德、法律与美学领域的思辨，还提供了丰富的习题，帮助读者一举掌握批判性思维的方法和应用。

Preface xxii

Changes to the 13th Edition xxiii

Acknowledgments xxv

Chapter 1 Driving Blindfolded 1

Beliefs and Claims 4

Issues 7

Arguments 8

Cognitive Biases 15

Truth and Knowledge 21

What Critical Thinking Can and Can’t Do 22

A Word About the Exercises 22

Recap 22

Additional Exercises 24

Answers and Tips 33

Chapter 2 Two Kinds of Reasoning 35

Arguments: General Features 35

Two Kinds of Arguments 37

Beyond a Reasonable Doubt 40

Two Kinds of Deductive Arguments 40

Four Kinds of Inductive Arguments 41

Telling the Difference Between Deductive and Inductive Arguments 43

Deduction, Induction, and Unstated Premises 44

Balance of Considerations 46

Not Premises, Conclusions, or Arguments 47

Ethos, Pathos, and Logos 48

Techniques for Understanding Arguments 54

Evaluating Arguments 57

Recap 58

Additional Exercises 59

Answers and Tips 70

Chapter 3 Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing 73

Vagueness 74

Ambiguity 76

Generality 79

Defining Terms 84

Writing Argumentative Essays 87

Recap 92

Additional Exercises 92

Answers and Tips 101

Chapter 4 Credibility 103

The Believability of Claims 104

The Credibility of Sources 112

The News 118

Advertising 126

Recap 130

Additional Exercises 131

Answers and Tips 140

Chapter 5 Rhetoric, the Art of Persuasion 142

Rhetorical Force 143

Rhetorical Devices I 144

Rhetorical Devices II 147

Rhetorical Devices III 151

Rhetorical Devices IV 152

Proof Surrogates and Repetition 158

Persuasion Through Visual Imagery 161

The Extreme Rhetoric of Demagoguery 163

Recap 166

Additional Exercises 167

Answers and Tips 184

Chapter 6 Relevance (Red Herring) Fallacies 186

Argumentum Ad Hominem 187

Straw Man 189

False Dilemma (Ignoring Other Alternatives) 190

Misplacing the Burden of Proof 192

Begging the Question (Assuming What You Are Trying to Prove) 194

Appeal to Emotion 195

Irrelevant Conclusion 198

Recap 200

Exercises 201

Answers and Tips 207

Chapter 7 Induction Fallacies 208

Generalizations 208

Weak Analogy 213

Mistaken Appeal to Authority 214

Mistaken Appeal to Popularity (Mistaken Appeal to Common Belief) 215

Fallacies Related to Cause and Effect 217

Slippery Slope 224

Untestable Explanation 224

Line-Drawing Again 225

Recap 225

Exercises 226

Answers and Tips 234

Chapter 8 Formal Fallacies and Fallacies of Language 235

Three Formal Fallacies: Affirming the Consequent, Denying the Antecedent, and Undistributed Middle 235

The Fallacies of Equivocation and Amphiboly 239

The Fallacies of Composition and Division 241

Confusing Explanations with Excuses 242

Confusing Contraries and Contradictories 244

Consistency and Inconsistency 246

Miscalculating Probabilities 246

Recap 251

Additional Exercises 252

Answers and Tips 259

Chapter 9 Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic 260

Categorical Claims 262

Translation into Standard Form (Introduction) 264

The Square of Opposition 271

Three Categorical Relations 272

Categorical Syllogisms 281

Recap 294

Additional Exercises 294

Answers and Tips 304

Chapter 10 Deductive Arguments II: Truth-Functional Logic 309

Truth Tables and Logical Symbols 310

Symbolizing Compound Claims 316

Truth-Functional Argument Patterns (Brief Version) 323

Truth-Functional Arguments (Full Version) 330

Deductions 338

Recap 356

Additional Exercises 356

Answers and Tips 363

Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning 368

Argument from Analogy 368

Generalizing from a Sample 377

Scientific Generalizing from a Sample 379

De-generalizing (Reverse Generalizing; the Statistical Syllogism) 381

Causal Statements and Their Support 388

Calculating Statistical Probabilities 407

Causation in the Law 412

Recap 413

Additional Exercises 414

Answers and Tips 421

Chapter 12 Moral, Legal, and Aesthetic Reasoning 425

Value Judgments 426

Major Perspectives in Moral Reasoning 432

Moral Deliberation 439

Legal Reasoning 444

Aesthetic Reasoning 448

Recap 454

Additional Exercises 455

Answers and Tips 458

Appendix: Selected Exercises from Previous Editions 460

Glossary 483

Index 492

布鲁克·诺埃尔·摩尔（Brooke Noel Moore），加州大学芝加哥分校的哲学教授，负责该校批判性思维项目，曾任历史与哲学系主任，著有《思想的力量》《伦理学综述》等。

理查德·帕克（Richard Parker），加州大学芝加哥分校哲学系荣休教授，曾任本科教育系主任、校长行政助理，发表多部有关分析哲学、批判性思维、法律哲学的作品。

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“这个世界的问题就在于蠢人自以为是，智者充满疑虑。”——罗素

报纸、广播、电视、电脑、手机……传媒更迭促使思考加速，我们让渡思考的权利，任由外部信息干扰自己的表达。我们一边“被套路”，一边抬杠，身心俱疲，一无所获。

面对重要问题，思考需要减速。批判性思维是甄别信息、谨慎推断的慢思考，是为了合理判断与明智行动而展开的思维活动过程。在本书的带领下，让我们共同开启批判性思维之旅，绕开诡辩陷阱，抵达理性的彼岸。

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