剑桥中级英语语法 fb2 pdf azw3 网盘 rtf 免费 下载 txt

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雷蒙德·墨菲(Raymond Murphy)，英语语法专家，著有《剑桥初级英语语法》《剑桥中级英语语法》等多部英语语法学习书。

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e.g.

everyone enjoyed the party.

he is invited to lots of parties and he goes to every one.

it doesn't matter whether you use MAY or MIGHT, but we use only MIGHT when the situation is not real!

e.g. If I knew them better, I might invite them to dinner.

Unit 10.Present perfect continuous and simple(I have been doing and I have been done.)

Present perfect continuous:We are interested in the activity. It does not matter whether something has been finished or not.

Present perfect simple: The important thing is that something has been finished.

Examples:

My hands are very dirty. I've been repairing the car. The car is OK again now. I've repaired it.

We use the continuous to ask or say how long(for an activity that is still happening):

How long have you been reading that book?

We use the simple to ask or say how much, how many or how many times(completed actions):

How many pages of that book have you read?

*There are some verbs(for example, know/like/believe)that are normally not used in the continuous.

Unit 11 How long have you(been)...?

A.Compare the present and the present perfect:

*Amy is in hospital.

But she has been in hospital since Monday.(not "Amy is in hospital since Monday.")

*We know each other very well.

but We have known each other for a long time.

B.I have been doing something(present perfect continuous)=I started doing sth. in the past and I am still doing it(or have just stopped):

*I've been learning English for a long time.

*Sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?

C.I have done(simple) or I have been doing (continuous)

The continuous is more usual with how long, since and for.

You can normally use either the continuous or simple with live and work:

How long have you been working/have you worked here?

but we use the simple with always:

* John has always lived in Lo...

Unit 12. When...? and How long...? For and since

A.Compare When...?(+past simple) and How long...?(+present perfect):

--When di it start raining?

--It started raining an hour ago/at 1 o'clock

--How long has it been raining?

--It's been raining for an hour/since 1 o'clock.

B.We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening.

We use for when we say a period of time(two hours,six weeks etc.):

*I've been waiting for two hours.

two hours ago-> now

We use since when we say the start of a period(8 o'clock,Monday,1988 etc.):

*I've been waiting since 8 o'clock.

8 o'clock->now

*They haven't had a holiday for ten years.(you must use for)

We do not use for + all...(all day/all my lift etc.):

*I've lived here all my life.

C.We say It's(a long time/two years e...

Unit 13 Present perfect and past(1)(I have done and I did)

A.Tom is looking for his key.He can't find it.

He has lost his key.

This means that he doesn't have his key now.

Ten minutes later:

Now Tom has found his key. He has it now.

Has he lost his key?

No,he hasn't.He has found it.

Did he lose his key?

Yes, he did.

He lost his key(past simple)

but now he has found it.(present perfect.)

The present perfect is a present tense.It always tells us something about now. Tom has lost his key=he doesn't have his key now.

The past simple tells us only about the past.If somebody says "Tom lost his key", we don't know whether he has it now or not. We only know that he lost it at some time in the past.

B.Do not use the present perfect if there is no connection with the present(for example, things t...

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